Grubs (Coleoptera) can be found when the grass killed by their feeding is pulled back.
To determine if grubs (Coleoptera) are a problem, peel back patch of grass and count the number of grubs per square foot
Grubs (Coleoptera) exposed from peeling back grass
Feeding by grubs (Coleoptera) causes dead spots in lawn in late summer.
Overview
Lawn grubs are the immature form of beetles. They are up to one inch in length, white to grayish with brown heads, and commonly curl into a C shape when disturbed. They feed underground on the roots of grass for one or more years depending upon the species. After going through a pupal stage underground the familiar beetle adult emerges. The two most common grubs in St. Louis are the Southern masked chaffer, Cyclocephala immaculata, (also known as the "annual" white grub) and May or June beetles, Phyllophaga spp. Over 90% of the damage is caused by the annual grub. Japanese beetle larvae may also be lawn grubs. The adult beetles of the annual white grub do not feed on foliage. Adult May and June beetles feed primarily on tree leaves, but the damage is insignificant. White grubs are a favorite food of moles, shrews, chipmunks, skunks, raccoons, and birds, which may tear up the lawn in search of the grubs.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Since the grubs live and eat underground, they are frequently not noticed. The first indication of damage is generally a gradual thinning and weakening of the lawn followed by small patches of dead or wilting grass even in the presence of adequate soil moisture. Bluegrass is especially susceptible. Damage is often most evident in the middle of August through September. Animals digging up the lawn for the grubs or large numbers of adult beetles being attracted to lights at night may also signal a problem. Diagnosis requires peeling back areas of the lawn with a sharp shovel and looking for the grubs. If fewer than ten grubs are present per square foot, it is unlikely that control is required as the amount of damage caused is minimal. Some grubs can be found in the healthiest of lawns.
Life Cycle
As the name implies, the annual grub goes from egg to adult in one year. May or June beetles take two or three years to complete a generation. The grubs feed for two or three years in the ground before emerging as an adult beetle. Both emerge as adults in May through early August. They mate and lay eggs in the top two inches of moist, warm soil in lawn areas. In about two weeks, the larvae hatch and the grubs begin feeding on organic matter, including grassroots, until September or October when lower soil temperatures force the grubs deeper into the soil where they hibernate. The following spring, the annual grub moves to the top of the soil where it feeds until May and then pupates and emerges as an adult in June through early August. May or June beetle grubs continue feeding for one or two more years before pupation in July. They emerge as adults the following spring. Every year some adults of the May or June beetles emerge since not all of the grubs are at the same stage of development.
Integrated Pest Management Strategies
1. Evaluate damage. Peel back patches of grass and count the number of grubs per square foot. If fewer than 10 per square foot are found, control is not required or recommended.
2. Keep the lawn healthy. Proper watering and fertilizing will not prevent damage from grubs, but it will allow the grass to recover more quickly and make damage less noticeable. Mow the grass high.
3. Do not overwater your lawn. Adult beetles look for moist lush lawn to lay their eggs. By keeping the lawn drier during egg-laying times, June through July, you can limit the number of eggs laid in your lawn.
4. Parasitic nematodes. The use of parasitic nematodes is yet unproven and experimental but looks promising. Homeowners who have a grub problem and do not want to use chemical sprays may want to give this a try. The nematodes kill the grubs but are harmless to earthworms and other beneficial soil life. Nematodes are living organisms and must be handled carefully. Follow suppliers’ directions carefully. Up to four applications may be required. Available only at specialty stores or by mail order.
5. If necessary, use chemical insecticides. Chemical controls for grubs or either preventative or curative. Preventive chemicals have a longer residual in the soil and include halofenozide (Mach 2) and imidacloprid (Merit) either of which should be applied from mid-June through July. These products should be applied to areas of turf that have a history of grub damage, irrigated lawns that are experiencing a high beetle flight, or turf areas with 10 small grubs per square foot in mid-July. Curative chemicals include carbaryl (Sevin) and trichlorfon (Dylox). These chemicals have a shorter residual in the soil and are applied in late summer after the eggs have hatched and the grubs are present (10-12 grubs/sq. ft.). They are typically applied from late July through August. Spring treatment of grubs is not recommended. See these turfgrass grub-control products: Dylox (Quick Kill), Mach 2 (Extended Season), Merit (Extended Season) - Imidaclopid.
Organic Strategies
Strategies 1, 2, 3, and 4 are strictly organic approaches.